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African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean
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African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean
von: Herbert S. Klein
Oxford University Press, 2006
ISBN: 9780195038385
330 Seiten, Download: 17008 KB
 
Format:  PDF
geeignet für: Apple iPad, Android Tablet PC's Online-Lesen PC, MAC, Laptop

Typ: B (paralleler Zugriff)

 

 
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Sugar and Slavery in the Caribbean in the 17th and 18th Centuries (p. 45-46)

The establishment of an independent Dutch nation in Europe had a major impact on the distribution of slaves and plantations in America. The long Dutch struggle from the 1590s to the 1640s against Spanish domination would profoundly affect Portugal, Africa, and Brazil. From 1580 to 1640 Portugal was integrated into the Spanish Crown. While this incorporation had opened up Spanish America to Portuguese slave traders and resident merchants, it also brought Portugal into direct confrontation with the rebellious Dutch, who were Brazil's most important and powerful trading partner.

While northern European pirates were systematically attacking the Spaniards in America and the Portuguese trade with Asia and Africa, it was the Dutch who emerged in the late 16th century as the most aggressive, competent, and powerful of Iberia's rivals. A part of the Spanish empire since the ascension to the Spanish throne of the Hapsburg Charles V, the seven northern and largely Protestant provinces of the Low Countries had gone into active rebellion against Spain in the 1590s. For the Spaniards, the Dutch wars of independence proved to be a long and disastrous affair and one of their most costly imperial conflicts. By 1609 the Dutch had secured de facto independence and were able to use their advanced commercial system and their dominance of European overseas trade to carry the war deep into the Iberian empire. While the Spanish American possessions were too powerful to attack, the Asian, African, and eventually American empire of Portugal was less well defended.

Because the Dutch had become deeply involved in the Brazilian sugar industry, Portuguese America was initially protected from Dutch imperial pretensions. So long as the Spaniards did not attempt to interfere with this international trading, all was well. But the war with the Dutch proved to be a long and bloody affair, and the Spanish finally attacked Dutch shipping to Brazil in the first decade of the 17th century. This ended the neutrality of Brazil and of Portuguese Africa in the great imperial conflict, and in the last round of fighting, after the end of the so-called "twelve-year truce" in 1621, the Dutch assaulted both Portugal's African settlements and the Brazilian plantations.

As early as 1602 the Dutch had established their East Indies Company to seize control of Portugal's Asian spice trade. That competition was not peaceful and involved constant attacks by the Dutch on Portuguese shipping and Pacific commercial networks. With the foundation of their West Indies Company in 1621, the Dutch decided to compete directly in Africa and America with the Portuguese. In a systematic campaign to capture both Brazilian and African possessions, the Dutch West Indies Company sent the first of many war fleets into the South Atlantic in 1624. They temporarily captured the town of Salvador and with it Brazil's second largest sugar-producing province of Bahia.



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