FOREWORD	7
	REFERENCES	11
	PREFACE	12
	Part I INTRODUCTION	14
	1 TAKING STOCK AND CHARTING A PATH FOR ASIAN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH	15
	INTRODUCTION	15
	WHAT DOES RESEARCH IN ASIA OFFER?	16
	Asia as a source of problems and phenomena	17
	Asia as a theory-testing ground	18
	Asia as a source of constructs and theory	19
	Asia as an alternative cluster of management systems	20
	ISSUES FOR THE FUTURE	22
	Are all Asians Alike?	22
	Configurational Approaches	24
	Interplay of Emic and Etic Traditions	25
	Interaction Processes	27
	Methodological Rigor	28
	CONCLUSIONS	28
	REFERENCES	29
	2 ETIC AND EMIC APPROACHES TO ASIAN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH	31
	EMIC AND ETIC APPROACHES	31
	The Concepts	31
	The Etic–Emic Divide	33
	DIALECTICS BETWEEN EMIC AND ETIC APPROACHES	34
	Imposed Etics	35
	Etics That Aim to Explain Cultural Differences	38
	Emics That Stand Out	43
	Integrative Approaches	47
	SUGGESTIONS FOR RESEARCH	51
	PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS	53
	REFERENCES	55
	Part II STRATEGY	63
	3 TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGY THEORY	64
	INTRODUCTION	64
	Current State of Research	65
	How is Strategy Different?	67
	Limits of Cultural Impact	68
	SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES	71
	Institutional Environment	71
	The Role of Governments8	73
	Rate of Change	75
	Regional Diversity	77
	Business Networks	79
	Governance Systems	81
	Explaining the Differences	82
	Research Implications	84
	The Way Forward	86
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	87
	NOTES	87
	REFERENCES	90
	4 CONTEXT, CONFIGURATION AND CAPABILITY	95
	THE CONCEPT OF ORGANIZATION DESIGN IN THE ASIAN CONTEXT	95
	INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT AND ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN: SIX CONFIGURATIONS	97
	Government Linked Enterprises (GLEs)	98
	Family Business Groups (FBGs)	101
	Chaebol	106
	Keiretsu & Kaisha	110
	Mainland China State-led Business Groups (CBGs)	115
	Production Networks and Global Commodity Chains	118
	CONFIGURATION AND CAPABILITY	121
	GLE Capabilities	122
	FBG Capabilities	123
	Chaebol Capabilities	124
	Keiretsu & Kaisha Capabilities	126
	CBG Capabilities	126
	Global Commodity Chain Capabilities	127
	CONCLUSION	128
	REFERENCES	131
	5 FIRM DIVERSIFICATION IN ASIA	138
	INTRODUCTION	138
	WESTERN BASED AND DOMINANT PARADIGMS OF DIVERSIFICATION RESEARCH	139
	REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON DIVERSIFICATION IN ASIA	141
	The People’s Republic of China (the PRC)	142
	Taiwan	147
	Hong Kong	148
	Japan	149
	South Korea	150
	Singapore	152
	India	153
	Comparative studies	155
	DISCUSSION	156
	CONCLUSION	159
	REFERENCES	160
	6 THE ASIAN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION	164
	BACKGROUND	164
	ASIAN MULTINATIONALS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE	178
	IS THE ASIAN MULTINATIONAL A THEORETICALLY ANOMALOUS PHENOMENON?	180
	MOTIVATIONS AND PROFILE OF ASIAN MULTINATIONALS	190
	STRATEGY OF THE ASIAN MULTINATIONALS	192
	THE ASIAN MULTINATIONALS’ BASIS OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE	196
	ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS	198
	TYPOLOGY OF ASIAN MULTINATIONALS	199
	Expatriate multinationals	199
	Ethnic Multinationals	201
	Government Linked Firms	202
	Intermediators	202
	Advanced Intermediators	203
	Regional MNCs	203
	The Undiversified Global Players	204
	The Diversified Global Players	204
	FUTURE RESEARCH ON ASIAN MULTINATIONALS	205
	NOTES	209
	REFERENCES	210
	7 ASIAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH	215
	THE CONTEXT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOR IN ASIA	216
	ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOR AND ASIAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH	218
	ENTREPRENEURIAL CHARACTERISTICS	218
	Traits and Characteristics	218
	Networks and Guanxi	223
	Gender	225
	MACRO-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS	227
	Governmental Policy	227
	Finance, Taxation, and Development Schemes	228
	Venture Capital	229
	Societal and Entrepreneurial Culture and Religion	231
	OPPORTUNITY IDENTIFICATION	231
	Business Founding	231
	Growth in Number of Firms	232
	Market and Niche Entry Strategies	233
	Rural Entrepreneurship	234
	BUSINESS GROWTH	235
	Growth within the Entrepreneurial Firm	235
	Entrepreneurial Competence	236
	Innovation and Corporate Entrepreneurship	236
	International Venturing	237
	BUSINESS SURVIVAL	238
	Professional Managers and Consultants	238
	Succession and Survival	239
	CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS	239
	REFERENCES	241
	8 THE DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN ASIA	252
	INTRODUCTION	252
	ALTERNATIVE PARADIGMS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE	253
	MANAGERIAL APPROACH: CORPORATE	254
	CULTURALISM AND CULTURE AS A VARIABLE	254
	ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH: ORGANIZATION AS CULTURE	255
	CRITICAL AND POSTMODERN APPROACHES: CULTURE AS TARGET OF CRITICISM	256
	EPISTEMOLOGICAL ISSUES IN THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE	257
	QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES AND HOFSTEDE’S MIXED LEGACY	257
	THE DILEMMA OF QUALITATIVE APPROACHES	258
	CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON “ ASIAN” MANAGEMENT	259
	PAROCHIAL UTOPIAN VIEWS AND THE FAILURE OF CORPORATE CULTURALISM	260
	THE YING AND YANG OF CONFUCIAN TRADITION	262
	SURPRISING EAST–WEST CONNECTIONS	264
	TOWARD REFLEXIVE ORGANIZATIONS AND TRANSNATIONAL DIALOGUES	265
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	266
	REFERENCES	266
	9 WESTERN AND ASIAN BUSINESS ETHICS	271
	INTRODUCTION	271
	PART ONE: MACRO-APPROACHES TO COMPARATIVE	272
	BUSINESS ETHICS	272
	Section One: Normative Macro-Approaches	272
	Empirical Macro-Approaches	278
	Section Three: Problems with Normative and Empirical Macro- Approaches & Recommendations for Future Research	281
	PART TWO: MICRO-APPROACHES TO BUSINESS ETHICS	286
	Section One: Normative Micro-Approaches	286
	Section Two: Empirical Micro- Approaches	289
	Section Three: Problems with Normative and Empirical Micro- Approaches & Recommendations for Future Research	290
	REFERENCES	292
	Part III ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT	299
	10 ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR	300
	INTRODUCTION	300
	ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR EAST AND WEST	303
	EAST MEETS WEST	306
	The Rise and Fall of “Japanese Management”	306
	China: The Big Dragon as a Silent Sounding Board	309
	IN SEARCH OF AN EASTERN CONSTRUCT	310
	IN SEARCH OF AN EASTERN INSTRUMENT	312
	THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT	313
	ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR EAST AND THE FUTURE OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR	314
	WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?	316
	REFERENCES	317
	11 KEEPING OTHERS IN MIND	319
	INTRODUCTION	319
	MODES OF THINKING: RELATIONSHIPS AND CONTEXT VS. INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS	320
	MAKING SENSE OF WORKPLACE BEHAVIORS	323
	Comparing Employees	323
	Assessing the Causes of Actions	325
	Assessing the Reasons for Work Performance	328
	Summary	331
	SOCIALLY RESPONSIVE DECISION-MAKING	331
	Socially Sanctioned Decision Rules	332
	Estimates about the Uncertain	334
	The Social Route to Persuasion	336
	Summary	337
	PROCESSING AS A GROUP	338
	Decision-Making as a Group	338
	Integration and Different Perspectives	339
	Summary	342
	Decision-Making Syndromes	342
	DISCUSSION	343
	NOTE	345
	REFERENCES	345
	12 WORK MOTIVATION IN ASIA	352
	INTRODUCTION	352
	THE PRESENT REVIEW	353
	REVIEW THEMES	353
	National versus Cultural Differences	353
	Comparing Mean Differences versus Patterns	358
	Etic versus Emic	360
	ASIAN PROGRESS AND RESEARCH STYLES	363
	Integrating ‘Time’ in our Research	366
	CONTEXTUAL RELEVANCE	367
	CONCLUSION	369
	Looking to the Future	369
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	372
	REFERENCES	372
	13 LEADERSHIP RESEARCH IN ASIA	376
	LEADING IN ASIA: APPLYING EASTERN VALUES AND WESTERN THEORY	376
	DEFINING LEADERSHIP	377
	ASIAN VALUES: ORGANIZATION AS A FAMILY	378
	Relationships	378
	Leader as Head	379
	Impact of Asian Research	380
	UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES	382
	Leader Orientations and Approaches	382
	The GLOBE Program	383
	Comparisons across Asia	384
	Methodological Issues	385
	Negotiating Leadership	386
	THE CROSS-CULTURAL CHALLENGE	386
	Event Management Approach	387
	COOPERATION AND COMPETITION RESEARCH	388
	Theory	388
	Field Studies on Leadership in Asian Organizations	389
	Experiments on Power and Conflict	390
	Cross-Cultural Studies	391
	Applying the Theory in Asia	391
	CONCLUDING COMMENTS	392
	REFERENCES	393
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	393
	14 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING	399
	INTRODUCTION	399
	International Business Success	400
	The Traits of Successful Sojourners: Linkages to Cultural Differences	401
	Traits: Personality in Culture	402
	Traits: Using and Sharing Skills	404
	Dealing With Cultural Differences: Preparation	404
	Culture and Interaction Styles	406
	Various Cultural Differences and Their Impacts on	409
	International Business Dealings	409
	Cross-Cultural Communication and Technology	411
	Multinational Organizations and High Order Communication	412
	Language Specific v. Holistic Communication Styles	413
	REFERENCES	414
	15 IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER	417
	INTRODUCTION	417
	Frameworks for Understanding Culture	418
	DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE AND CULTURE	419
	Incorporating Culture into Models of Distributive Justice	420
	Distributive Justice Research: How Culture Shapes the Allocation of Rewards	423
	PROCEDURAL JUSTICE AND CULTURE	425
	Incorporating Culture into Theories of Procedural Justice	426
	Procedural Justice Research: How Culture Shapes the Interpretation of Fair Process	428
	AT THE CROSSROADS: DISTRIBUTIVE AND PROCEDURAL JUSTICE TOGETHER	430
	Within Culture Studies of Justice	430
	Comparative Studies of Justice	432
	JUSTICE, CULTURE AND FUTURE RESEARCH	433
	JUSTICE, CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES	435
	CONCLUSION	436
	REFERENCES	437
	16 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN ASIA	440
	INTRODUCTION	440
	CONSTRUCTS FROM ASIA	442
	Collectivism	442
	Indirect Communication	443
	Hierarchy	444
	INCORPORATING CULTURAL FINDINGS INTO A	446
	FRAMEWORK OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION	446
	DEFINING FRAMES, SCHEMAS, AND SCRIPTS	447
	DELINEATING THE FRAMES, SCHEMAS, AND SCRIPTS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION	448
	CONFLICT FRAMES	448
	CONFLICT SCRIPTS	449
	CONFLICT SCHEMAS	450
	Collectivism	450
	Indirect Communication	452
	Hierarchy	452
	RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE FRAMEWORK ELEMENTS	453
	CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE QUESTIONS	454
	NOTE	456
	REFERENCES	456
	17 A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON DIVERSITY AND GROUP DYNAMICS IN ASIA	460
	INTRODUCTION	460
	DIVERSITY AND GROUP DYNAMICS	461
	NEW PERSPECTIVES ON DIVERSITY AND GROUP DYNAMICS IN ASIA	464
	Hierarchical Complementarity vs. Heterogeneous Age Diversity	464
	Leader’s Diversity in Experience vs. Horizontal Functional Diversity among Members	466
	Democratic Co-existence of Diversity vs. the Catalytic Transformation of Homogeneity	468
	DISCUSSION	470
	NOTES	472
	REFERENCES	472
	18 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN ASIA	476
	A REVIEW OF THE ASIAN CONTEXT AND HRM PRACTICES	478
	The Asian Context	478
	HRM Practices in Asia	483
	A MODEL OF THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP	490
	The Nature of the Employment Relationship	490
	Employment Relationship and HRM	494
	Contextual Influence	496
	ASIAN HRM REVISITED	499
	CONCLUSION	501
	REFERENCES	503
	BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES	508
	AUTHOR INDEX	516
	SUBJECT INDEX	539
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