Contents	8
	Illustrations	12
	Preface	14
	Chapter 1 Terrorism in the world today and yesterday	16
	Terms	21
	Further reading	21
	Chapter 2 What is terrorism? Defnition and classification	22
	Defining terrorism	23
	Classifcation and categories	29
	Causes of terrorism	31
	Prevalence of terrorism	34
	Summary	36
	Terms	37
	Further reading	37
	Chapter 3 Tactics, weapons, and targets	38
	Techniques	39
	Weapons	41
	Targets	47
	Summary	57
	Terms	58
	Further reading	58
	Chapter 4 State sponsors and supporters of terrorism	60
	True state control	61
	State support of terrorism	63
	Case studies	65
	Case Study 4.1 Italy and Hungary in Yugoslavia—fishing in troubled waters	65
	Case Study 4.2 Iraq	67
	Case Study 4.3 Iran	69
	Case Study 4.4 The United States and the Contras in Nicaragua	71
	Case Study 4.5 North Korea	74
	Summary	76
	Terms	77
	Further reading	77
	Chapter 5 Religious justifications for terrorism	78
	Terrorism and the world’s religions	79
	Case studies	88
	Case Study 5.1 The Zealots in Judea	88
	Case Study 5.2 The Sikhs and Khalistan	89
	Case Study 5.3 Algeria in the 1990s	93
	Case Study 5.4 Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth)	95
	Case Study 5.5 Osama bin Laden and the al Qaeda network	97
	Summary	100
	Terms	102
	Further reading	102
	Chapter 6 Ethnic and national bases of terrorism	104
	Modernity and ethnic conflict	105
	Case studies	110
	Case Study 6.1 The Boston Tea Party	110
	Case Study 6.2 The Mau Mau uprising in colonial Kenya	111
	Case Study 6.3 Basque nationalists in Spain	113
	Case Study 6.4 Dayaks and migrants on Borneo	115
	Case Study 6.5 Albanians in Kosovo and Macedonia	118
	Case Study 6.6 The Palestinian Liberation Organization and the struggle with Israel	122
	Summary	126
	Terms	127
	Further reading	128
	Chapter 7 Terrorism and ideologies of the left	130
	Ideology and beliefs	131
	Dissatisfaction from the left	132
	Case studies	139
	Case Study 7.1 The Baader-Meinhof Gang in West Germany	139
	Case Study 7.2 The Italian Red Brigades	142
	Case Study 7.3 17 November Organization in Greece	145
	Case Study 7.4 The Montoneros in Argentina	147
	Case Study 7.5 The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Mujahedin-e-Khalq	150
	Case Study 7.6 The Animal Liberation Front and the Animal Rights Militia	152
	Summary	154
	Terms	157
	Further reading	157
	Chapter 8 Terrorism and ideologies of the right	158
	Right-wing dissatisfaction: Marxism and minorities	159
	Case studies	163
	Case Study 8.1 Stormtroopers in Weimar Germany	163
	Case Study 8.2 Neo-fascism in postwar Italy	166
	Case Study 8.3 The American militia/patriot movement	168
	Case Study 8.4 Neo-Nazis and skinheads in Europe	172
	Summary	177
	Terms	179
	Further reading	179
	Chapter 9 Terrorism and multiple motivations	180
	Terrorist campaigns with complex causes	181
	Case studies	185
	Case Study 9.1 Insurgency and terror in Malaya	185
	Case Study 9.2 Leftists and indigenous populations in Peru	187
	Case Study 9.3 Irish republicanism	190
	Case Study 9.4 Colombia—regionalism, ideology, and narcotics	194
	Summary	197
	Terms	199
	Further reading	200
	Chapter 10 State use of domestic terrorism and repression	202
	Government-induced fear and compliance	203
	Government complicity in terrorism by non-state groups	204
	Genocide and ethnic cleansing	207
	Case studies	209
	Case Study 10.1 Terror in the first years of the French Revolution	209
	Case Study 10.2 The Cherokee Nation versus the State of Georgia	211
	Case Study 10.3 Paramilitary militias in East Timor	213
	Case Study 10.4 Farm invasions in Zimbabwe	215
	Case Study 10.5 Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Herzegovina	217
	Case Study 10.6 Genocide in Rwanda	219
	Summary	223
	Terms	225
	Further reading	225
	Chapter 11 Countries with multiple crises of terrorism	226
	The prevalence of multiple crises	227
	Waves of violence and terrorism in Sri Lanka	229
	Summary	236
	Terms	237
	Further reading	237
	Chapter 12 Counterterrorism	238
	Techniques of counterterrorism	239
	Weapons of mass destruction and mass casualties	253
	Summary	254
	Terms	256
	Further reading	256
	Chapter 13 Terrorism: a continuing phenomenon	258
	Why terrorism continues	259
	What we know from the historical experience	264
	Glossary	266
	Bibliography	282
	Index	298
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